按：恕俺愚钝，左看右看前看后看上看下看今看明看（已经四维了，哈哈）还是看不懂！摘抄几条名词解释，备忘。基本上依次按宇宙、相对论、量子力学、弦理论归类，个别条目略有修改。部分条目给出了维基百科链接，有兴趣的童鞋请自行研究。豆瓣链接：B·格林/著、李泳/译《宇宙的琴弦》
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大爆炸（Big bang） 现在流行的一种宇宙理论，认为今天膨胀的宇宙来自约150亿年前的一个高能量、高密度的压缩状态。
暴涨宇宙（Inflationary cosmology） 对标准的大爆炸宇宙学关于极早期图景的修正——宇宙在极短时间内经历巨大的膨胀。
宇宙微波背景辐射（Cosmic microwave background radiation） 在大爆炸产生的随着宇宙膨胀而稀薄、冷却的充满宇宙的微波辐射。
熵（Entropy） 物理系统无序的量度，由在不改变系统外在表现的条件下重新安排系统组成的方式数来决定。... >>>阅读全文
---------抄书分割线--------
大爆炸（Big bang） 现在流行的一种宇宙理论，认为今天膨胀的宇宙来自约150亿年前的一个高能量、高密度的压缩状态。
暴涨宇宙（Inflationary cosmology） 对标准的大爆炸宇宙学关于极早期图景的修正——宇宙在极短时间内经历巨大的膨胀。
宇宙微波背景辐射（Cosmic microwave background radiation） 在大爆炸产生的随着宇宙膨胀而稀薄、冷却的充满宇宙的微波辐射。
熵（Entropy） 物理系统无序的量度，由在不改变系统外在表现的条件下重新安排系统组成的方式数来决定。... >>>阅读全文
昨夜苍穹，甚为热闹。木星眨眼，月亮微笑。金木合月，交相辉映。惜乎余事先未知，下班后归途中方才发现，遂写短信告知好友同赏。后至宿舍楼顶拍得照片一张（未能外出拍摄，亦无广角镜，图片质量不佳，见谅），是为记。#752... >>>阅读全文
引用
WASHINGTON - A powerful jet from a super massive black hole is blasting a nearby galaxy, according to new findings from NASA observatories. This never-before witnessed galactic violence may have a profound effect on planets in the jet's path and trigger a burst of star formation in its destructive wake.
Known as 3C321, the system contains two galaxies in orbit around each other. Data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory show both galaxies contain super massive black holes at their centers, but the larger galaxy has a jet emanating from the vicinity of its black hole. The smaller galaxy apparently has swung into the path of this jet.
This "death star" galaxy was discovered through the combined efforts of both space and ground-based telescopes. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope were part of the effort. The Very Large Array telescope, Socorro, N.M., and the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) telescopes in the United Kingdom also were needed for the finding.
"We've seen many jets produced by black holes, but this is the first time we've seen one punch into another galaxy like we're seeing here," said Dan Evans, a scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and leader of the study. "This jet could be causing all sorts of problems for the smaller galaxy it is pummeling."
Jets from super massive black holes produce high amounts of radiation, especially high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays, which can be lethal in large quantities. The combined effects of this radiation and particles traveling at almost the speed of light could severely damage the atmospheres of planets lying in the path of the jet. For example, protective layers of ozone in the upper atmosphere of planets could be destroyed.
Jets produced by super massive black holes transport enormous amounts of energy far from black holes and enable them to affect matter on scales vastly larger than the size of the black hole. Learning more about jets is a key goal for astrophysical research.
"We see jets all over the universe, but we're still struggling to understand some of their basic properties," said co-investigator Martin Hardcastle of the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. "This system of 3C321 gives us a chance to learn how they're affected when they slam into something like a galaxy and what they do after that."
The effect of the jet on the companion galaxy is likely to be substantial, because the galaxies in 3C321 are extremely close at a distance of only about 20,000 light years apart. They lie approximately the same distance as Earth is from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
A bright spot in the Very Large Array and MERLIN images shows where the jet has struck the side of the galaxy, dissipating some of the jet's energy. The collision disrupted and deflected the jet.
Another unique aspect of the discovery in 3C321 is how relatively short-lived this event is on a cosmic time scale. Features seen in the Very Large Array and Chandra images indicate that the jet began impacting the galaxy about one million years ago, a small fraction of the system's lifetime. This means such an alignment is quite rare in the nearby universe, making 3C321 an important opportunity to study such a phenomenon.
It is possible the event is not all bad news for the galaxy being struck by the jet. The massive influx of energy and radiation from the jet could induce the formation of large numbers of stars and planets after its initial wake of destruction is complete.
The results from Evans and his colleagues will appear in The Astrophysical Journal. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass.
Known as 3C321, the system contains two galaxies in orbit around each other. Data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory show both galaxies contain super massive black holes at their centers, but the larger galaxy has a jet emanating from the vicinity of its black hole. The smaller galaxy apparently has swung into the path of this jet.
This "death star" galaxy was discovered through the combined efforts of both space and ground-based telescopes. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, and Spitzer Space Telescope were part of the effort. The Very Large Array telescope, Socorro, N.M., and the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) telescopes in the United Kingdom also were needed for the finding.
"We've seen many jets produced by black holes, but this is the first time we've seen one punch into another galaxy like we're seeing here," said Dan Evans, a scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and leader of the study. "This jet could be causing all sorts of problems for the smaller galaxy it is pummeling."
Jets from super massive black holes produce high amounts of radiation, especially high-energy X-rays and gamma-rays, which can be lethal in large quantities. The combined effects of this radiation and particles traveling at almost the speed of light could severely damage the atmospheres of planets lying in the path of the jet. For example, protective layers of ozone in the upper atmosphere of planets could be destroyed.
Jets produced by super massive black holes transport enormous amounts of energy far from black holes and enable them to affect matter on scales vastly larger than the size of the black hole. Learning more about jets is a key goal for astrophysical research.
"We see jets all over the universe, but we're still struggling to understand some of their basic properties," said co-investigator Martin Hardcastle of the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. "This system of 3C321 gives us a chance to learn how they're affected when they slam into something like a galaxy and what they do after that."
The effect of the jet on the companion galaxy is likely to be substantial, because the galaxies in 3C321 are extremely close at a distance of only about 20,000 light years apart. They lie approximately the same distance as Earth is from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
A bright spot in the Very Large Array and MERLIN images shows where the jet has struck the side of the galaxy, dissipating some of the jet's energy. The collision disrupted and deflected the jet.
Another unique aspect of the discovery in 3C321 is how relatively short-lived this event is on a cosmic time scale. Features seen in the Very Large Array and Chandra images indicate that the jet began impacting the galaxy about one million years ago, a small fraction of the system's lifetime. This means such an alignment is quite rare in the nearby universe, making 3C321 an important opportunity to study such a phenomenon.
It is possible the event is not all bad news for the galaxy being struck by the jet. The massive influx of energy and radiation from the jet could induce the formation of large numbers of stars and planets after its initial wake of destruction is complete.
The results from Evans and his colleagues will appear in The Astrophysical Journal. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls science and flight operations from the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Mass.
〖来自网易论坛 http://bbs6.news.163.com/board/guoji/489/633489.html 〗
1.反物质。组成普通物质的粒子有另一面"反物质"。物质和反物质碰到一起会湮没，它们的质量会转换为纯粹的能量。一些未来的太空船设计将使用反物质引擎。
2.真空能量。看似空旷的太空中其实充满转瞬即逝粒子，这些粒子在每立方厘米的空间中都贡献着特定的能量，产生反引力把空间推开。
3.微型黑洞。有科学家提出，太阳系中分布着上千个微型黑洞，每个大小和原子核相仿，是宇宙大爆炸时留下的，影响着时空。
... >>>阅读全文
1.反物质。组成普通物质的粒子有另一面"反物质"。物质和反物质碰到一起会湮没，它们的质量会转换为纯粹的能量。一些未来的太空船设计将使用反物质引擎。
2.真空能量。看似空旷的太空中其实充满转瞬即逝粒子，这些粒子在每立方厘米的空间中都贡献着特定的能量，产生反引力把空间推开。
3.微型黑洞。有科学家提出，太阳系中分布着上千个微型黑洞，每个大小和原子核相仿，是宇宙大爆炸时留下的，影响着时空。
... >>>阅读全文
